Contaminated Sediments - Introduction - Revision history

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‎Introduction

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Admin at 02:28, 5 June 2020

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 *[[Contaminated Sediment Risk Assessment]]
 *[[In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments with Activated Carbon]]
 *[[Mercury in Sediments]]

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 *[[Passive Sampling of Sediments]]
 *[[Sediment Capping]]
+*[[Sediment Porewater Dialysis Passive Samplers for Inorganics (Peepers)]]
 '''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Upal Ghosh]]

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 ==Introduction==
 [[File:Ghosh1w2Fig1.png|thumb|450px|Figure 1. Key Exposure Pathways for Human Health Risk at Contaminated Sediment Sites. [https://www.itrcweb.org/contseds-bioavailability/index.htm Source]]]
 Discharge of contaminants to lakes, rivers, and estuaries can result in contamination of the underlying sediments and potential adverse impacts to critical receptors including benthic and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants and human populations.  Contaminated sediments are often located in sensitive aquatic environments and sometimes may require corrective measures to reduce exposure to human and ecological receptors<ref name="ITRC2011" />.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:04, 27 April 2022
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−	'''~~CONTRIBUTOR~~(S):''' [[Dr. Upal Ghosh]]	+	'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Upal Ghosh]]

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 *[[Contaminated Sediment Risk Assessment]]
 *[[In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments with Activated Carbon]]
 *[[Passive Sampling of Sediments]]
 *[[Sediment Capping]]

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-Sediments are unconsolidated particulate materials found at the bottom of natural and manmade surface water bodies. They may include clay, silt, sand, gravel, decaying organic matter, or shells. Discharge of contaminants to surface water can result in contamination of sediments and potentially adverse impacts to receptors including [[Wikipedia: Benthic zone | benthic]] and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants, and human populations. Contaminant sources include contaminated wastewater, surface water runoff, stormwater discharge, or groundwater, as well as atmospheric deposition, and spills and releases. Common contaminants include petroleum products, [[wikipedia:Polychlorinated biphenyl | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]], [[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]], [[Wikipedia:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds | dioxins]], pesticides, metals, radionuclides, and excess nutrients<ref name="USEPA2019S">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2019. Superfund Contaminated Sediments: Guidance and Technical Support [https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-contaminated-sediments-guidance-and-technical-support website]</ref><ref name="ITRC2011">ITRC, 2011. Incorporating Bioavailability Considerations into the Evaluation of Contaminated Sediment Sites. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/3/30/2011-ITRC_incorporating_bioavailability_Considerations_into_the_Evaluation_of_Contaminated_Sediment_Sites.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>.
+Sediments are unconsolidated particulate materials found at the bottom of natural and manmade surface water bodies. They may include clay, silt, sand, gravel, decaying organic matter, or shells. Discharge of contaminants to surface water can result in contamination of sediments and potentially adverse impacts to receptors including [[Wikipedia: Benthic zone | benthic]] and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants, and human populations. Contaminant sources include contaminated wastewater, surface water runoff, stormwater discharge, or groundwater, as well as atmospheric deposition, and spills and releases. Common contaminants include petroleum products, [[wikipedia:Polychlorinated biphenyl | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]], [[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]], [[Wikipedia:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds | dioxins]], pesticides, metals, radionuclides, and excess nutrients<ref name="USEPA2019S">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2019. Superfund Contaminated Sediments: Guidance and Technical Support [https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-contaminated-sediments-guidance-and-technical-support website]</ref><ref name="ITRC2011">ITRC, 2011. Incorporating Bioavailability Considerations into the Evaluation of Contaminated Sediment Sites. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/3/30/2011-ITRC_incorporating_bioavailability_Considerations_into_the_Evaluation_of_Contaminated_Sediment_Sites.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>.
 This article provides a brief introduction to the major topics associated with contaminated sediment management and remediation. It is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject of contaminated sediments, but rather to be a curated resource on key aspects of contaminated sediments that have seen major innovations in recent years. It also provides links to more in-depth enviro.wiki discussions on the key topics as well as links to major resources on the subject of contaminated sediments.
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 '''Related Article(s)''':
 *[[Passive Sampling of Sediments]]
-*[[In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments with Activated Carbon]]
+*[[Mercury in Sediments]]
 *[[Sediment Capping]]
@@ Line 63: / Line 64: @@
 Commonly employed technologies for sediment remediation include monitored natural recovery, enhanced monitored natural recovery, ''in situ'' treatment, capping, and removal<ref name="ITRC2014" />.
-'''Monitored natural recovery (MNR) ''' is defined as a remediation practice that relies on natural processes to decrease chemical contaminants in sediment to acceptable concentrations within a reasonable time frame <ref>National Research Council, 2000. Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9792 [https://www.nap.edu/download/9792 free download]</ref>. Enhanced MNR (EMNR) applies material or amendments to enhance these natural recovery processes (such as the addition of a thin-layer cap or a carbon amendment). Parallel natural or enhanced processes, taken together with observed and predicted reductions of contaminant concentrations in fish tissue, sediments, and water provide multiple lines of evidence to support the selection of MNR/EMNR as the primary remedial strategy<ref>Magar, V.S., Chadwick, D.B., Bridges, T.S., Fuchsman, P.C., Conder, J.M., Dekker, T.J., Steevens, J.A., Gustavson, K.E. and Mills, M.A., 2009. Monitored natural recovery at contaminated sediment sites. Environ International Corp Arlington Va. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/fd/2009-Magar-Technical_Guide.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>.  Important processes to consider in assessments of MNR/EMNR include contaminant burial, dispersion, sorption, precipitation, and chemical, biological and radioactive transformations<ref name="ITRC2014" />.
+'''Monitored natural recovery (MNR) ''' is defined as a remediation practice that relies on natural processes to decrease chemical contaminants in sediment to acceptable concentrations within a reasonable time frame <ref>National Research Council, 2000. Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9792 [https://www.nap.edu/download/9792 free download]</ref>. Enhanced MNR (EMNR) applies material or amendments to enhance these natural recovery processes (such as the addition of a thin-layer cap or a carbon amendment). Parallel natural or enhanced processes, taken together with observed and predicted reductions of contaminant concentrations in fish tissue, sediments, and water provide multiple lines of evidence to support the selection of MNR/EMNR as the primary remedial strategy<ref>Magar, V.S., Chadwick, D.B., Bridges, T.S., Fuchsman, P.C., Conder, J.M., Dekker, T.J., Steevens, J.A., Gustavson, K.E. and Mills, M.A., 2009. Monitored natural recovery at contaminated sediment sites. Environ International Corp Arlington Va. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/fd/2009-Magar-Technical_Guide.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>.  Important processes to consider in assessments of MNR/EMNR include contaminant burial, dispersion, sorption, precipitation, and chemical, biological and radioactive transformations<ref name="ITRC2014" />.
 '''''In situ'' treatment''' commonly involves the addition of treatment amendments to accelerate contaminant removal and/or immobilize the contaminant<ref name="ITRC2014" />.  Amendments that have been considered for sediment treatment include organophilic clay, zeolites, bauxite, iron oxide/hydroxide, apatite, and zero valent iron<ref>O'Day, P.A. and Vlassopoulos, D., 2010. Mineral-based amendments for remediation. Elements, 6(6), pp.375-381 [https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.6.6.375 doi: 10.2113/gselements.6.6.375]</ref>.  However, the most common approach is addition of activated carbon (AC) as a thin-layer cap or incorporated into the sediment<ref>Ghosh, U., Luthy, R.G., Cornelissen, G., Werner, D. and Menzie, C.A., 2011. In-situ sorbent amendments: a new direction in contaminated sediment management. [https://doi.org/10.1021/es102694h doi: 10.1021/es102694h]</ref>. <!-- For additional information on ''in situ'' treatment, see [[Contaminated Sediments - Activated Carbon]]. -->

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-<onlyinclude>Sediments are unconsolidated particulate materials found at the bottom of natural and manmade surface water bodies. They may include clay, silt, sand, gravel, decaying organic matter, or shells. Discharge of contaminants to surface water can result in contamination of sediments and potentially adverse impacts to receptors including [[Wikipedia: Benthic zone | benthic]] and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants, and human populations. Contaminant sources include contaminated wastewater, surface water runoff, stormwater discharge, or groundwater, as well as atmospheric deposition, and spills and releases. Common contaminants include petroleum products, [[wikipedia:Polychlorinated biphenyl | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]], [[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]], [[Wikipedia:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds | dioxins]], pesticides, metals, radionuclides, and excess nutrients</onlyinclude><ref name= "USEPA2019S">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2019. Superfund Contaminated Sediments: Guidance and Technical Support [https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-contaminated-sediments-guidance-and-technical-support website]</ref><ref name= "ITRC2011">ITRC, 2011. Incorporating Bioavailability Considerations into the Evaluation of Contaminated Sediment Sites. [[media:2011-ITRC_incorporating_bioavailability_Considerations_into_the_Evaluation_of_Contaminated_Sediment_Sites.pdf| Report.pdf]]</ref><onlyinclude>.</onlyinclude>
+Sediments are unconsolidated particulate materials found at the bottom of natural and manmade surface water bodies. They may include clay, silt, sand, gravel, decaying organic matter, or shells. Discharge of contaminants to surface water can result in contamination of sediments and potentially adverse impacts to receptors including [[Wikipedia: Benthic zone | benthic]] and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants, and human populations. Contaminant sources include contaminated wastewater, surface water runoff, stormwater discharge, or groundwater, as well as atmospheric deposition, and spills and releases. Common contaminants include petroleum products, [[wikipedia:Polychlorinated biphenyl | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]], [[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]], [[Wikipedia:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds | dioxins]], pesticides, metals, radionuclides, and excess nutrients<ref name= "USEPA2019S">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2019. Superfund Contaminated Sediments: Guidance and Technical Support [https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-contaminated-sediments-guidance-and-technical-support website]</ref><ref name= "ITRC2011">ITRC, 2011. Incorporating Bioavailability Considerations into the Evaluation of Contaminated Sediment Sites. [[media:2011-ITRC_incorporating_bioavailability_Considerations_into_the_Evaluation_of_Contaminated_Sediment_Sites.pdf| Report.pdf]]</ref>.
 This article provides a brief introduction to the major topics associated with contaminated sediment management and remediation. It is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise on the subject of contaminated sediments, but rather to be a curated resource on key aspects of contaminated sediments that have seen major innovations in recent years. It also provides links to more in-depth enviro.wiki discussions on the key topics as well as links to major resources on the subject of contaminated sediments.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 *[[media:2002-USEPA-_Principles_for_Managing_Contaminated_Sediment_Risks_at_Hazardous_Waste_Sites.pdf |USEPA – Sediment Risk Management Principles]]<ref>USEPA, 2002. Principles for Managing Contaminated Sediment Risks at Hazardous Waste Sites. OSWER Directive 9285.6–08. [[media:2002-USEPA-_Principles_for_Managing_Contaminated_Sediment_Risks_at_Hazardous_Waste_Sites.pdf |Report.pdf]]</ref>
 *[https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-contaminated-sediments-guidance-and-technical-support USEPA - Superfund Contaminated Sediments: Guidance and Technical Support]<ref name= "USEPA2019S"/>
-<onlyinclude>
 ==Introduction==
-</onlyinclude>
 [[File:Ghosh1w2Fig1.png|thumb|450px|Figure 1. Key Exposure Pathways for Human Health Risk at Contaminated Sediment Sites. [https://www.itrcweb.org/contseds-bioavailability/index.htm Source]]]
-<onlyinclude>Discharge of contaminants to lakes, rivers, and estuaries can result in contamination of the underlying sediments and potential adverse impacts to critical receptors including benthic and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants and human populations.  Contaminated sediments are often located in sensitive aquatic environments and sometimes may require corrective measures to reduce exposure to human and ecological receptors</onlyinclude><ref name= "ITRC2011"/><onlyinclude>.</onlyinclude>
+Discharge of contaminants to lakes, rivers, and estuaries can result in contamination of the underlying sediments and potential adverse impacts to critical receptors including benthic and water-column invertebrates, fish, wildlife, plants and human populations.  Contaminated sediments are often located in sensitive aquatic environments and sometimes may require corrective measures to reduce exposure to human and ecological receptors<ref name= "ITRC2011"/>.
 In most cases, the Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPC) in sediments are relatively immobile and long-lived.  This includes petroleum products, [[wikipedia:Polychlorinated biphenyl | polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]], [[Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons_(PAHs)| polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]], [[Wikipedia:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds | dioxins]], metals (mercury, copper, cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc, tin), radionuclides, and excess nutrients<ref name= "ITRC2011"/>.  Some of the contaminants (like metals and PAHs) primarily pose a risk to benthic organisms present in the sediments, while the bioaccumulative chemicals (PCBs, dioxins) are more likely to impact higher trophic organisms such as fish and humans.