Thermal Remediation - Steam - Revision history

Admin at 02:41, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:41:24Z

Admin at 02:41, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:41:02Z

Admin at 02:34, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:34:38Z

Admin at 02:34, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:34:20Z

Jhurley at 17:12, 11 December 2020

2020-12-11T17:12:33Z

Jhurley: /* Example Case Studies */

2020-11-30T16:06:44Z

‎Example Case Studies

Jhurley at 15:46, 30 November 2020

2020-11-30T15:46:51Z

Jhurley: /* Example Case Studies */

2020-11-30T15:38:06Z

‎Example Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Example Case Studies */

2020-11-30T15:27:43Z

‎Example Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Introduction */

2020-11-30T15:26:26Z

‎Introduction

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 Steam enhanced extraction (SEE) is an [[Thermal Remediation| ''in situ'' thermal remediation]] technology used in relatively permeable settings to heat the ground and remove organic contaminants. SEE can be combined with other thermal methods for treatment of source areas with clay layers, and with less aggressive treatment methods for source and plume restoration (see also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]).
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating |Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating |Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 Because SEE is based on the injection of steam, it can be used above and below the water table and can achieve treatment zone temperatures that reach the local boiling point of water. SEE has been used routinely to treat volatiles such as [[Chlorinated Solvents | trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE)]], as well as oils and [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) | light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs)]]<ref name="Davis1998" />. Example contaminants of concern (COCs) include:
-* [[Chlorinated Solvents | Chlorinated solvents]]
+*[[Chlorinated Solvents | Chlorinated solvents]]
-* [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) | Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs)]]
+*[[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) | Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs)]]
-* [[Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHCs) | Fuels and heavy hydrocarbons]]
+*[[Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHCs) | Fuels and heavy hydrocarbons]]
-* [[1,4-Dioxane]]
+*[[1,4-Dioxane]]
 For hydrocarbons such as heavy oils, SEE is used both to reduce viscosity and to displace the mobilized oil phase towards the extraction wells. At such sites, complete contaminant removal is not practical. The more volatile fraction of the oil is removed, with the heavier fraction left behind. A benefit of SEE is the ability to conduct pressure cycling to improve contaminant removal rates. After the target zone has been heated and the majority of the NAPL extracted as a liquid, pressure cycling is induced by varying the injection pressure and the applied vacuum. This process has been shown to result in very low concentrations of volatile contaminants remaining in the original source zone.

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 '''Related Article(s):'''
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
+'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Desorption | Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
+*[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]

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 #'''Beede, NH:''' SEE was used to treat a waste-oil source zone. Steam was injected into three vertical zones, and fluids extracted and treated. Remedial soil standards were met for all contaminants of concern, including benzene and naphthalene (final report pending).
-SEE has also been an integral part of several sites where TCH or ERH were also used.
+SEE has also been an integral part of several sites where [[Thermal Remediation - Desorption | TCH]] or [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | ERH]] were also used.
 ==Summary==

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 ==Example Case Studies==
-[[File:Heron_SEE_Fig3.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 3. The large SEE system at Visalia Pole yard used to remediate a 2-acre, 140 ft deep creosote source.]]
+[[File:Heron2w1Fig3.png|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 3. The large SEE system at Visalia Pole yard used to remediate a 2-acre, 140 ft deep creosote source.]]
 #'''Alameda&nbsp;Point,&nbsp;CA:'''&nbsp;A&nbsp;small&nbsp;TCE&nbsp;and oil source zone was remediated in 70 days by SEE. Six peripheral nested injection wells were used to surround the source, and steam pushed towards the central extraction well. Boiling temperatures were reached at all locations, and more than 2,000 lbs of contaminants were removed. Soil and groundwater sampling indicated > 99% mass reduction within the target treatment zone<ref>Udell, K., Heron, G., McDonald, M., and Mabey, W., 2000. Steam enhanced extraction demonstration at site 5, Alameda Point. Field Feasibility Demonstration for the US Navy, DO-9. Final Report. Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.</ref>.

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 [[File:Heron1w1Fig1.png|thumbnail|600px|Figure 1. Steam Enhanced Extraction schematic.]]
-SEE achieves on-site heating and treatment through steam injection into wells and extraction of hot fluids from multi-phase extraction wells<ref name="Davis1998" />. SEE is governed by steam propagation and heat transfer to the formation and has been applied for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery enhanced oil recovery] as well as remediation of a wide range of contaminants. SEE utilizes the following contaminant removal mechanisms<ref>Hunt, J.R., Sitar, N. and Udell, K.S., 1988. Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Transport and Cleanup: 1. Analysis of Mechanisms. Water Resources Research, 24(8), pp. 1247-1258. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr024i008p01247 doi: 10.1029/WR024i008p01247]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download available from: [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicholas_Sitar/publication/251425529_Nonaqueous_phase_liquid_transport_and_cleanup_I_Analysis_of_mechanisms/links/5d26269f299bf1547caaedd3/Nonaqueous-phase-liquid-transport-and-cleanup-I-Analysis-of-mechanisms.pdf ResearchGate].</ref><ref>Udell, K.S. 1996. Heat and Mass Transfer in Clean-up of Underground Toxic Wastes. In: Annual Reviews of Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, Chang-Lin Tien, Ed., Begell House, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 333-405. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.v7.80 doi: 10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.v7.80]</ref>:
+SEE&nbsp;achieves&nbsp;on-site&nbsp;heating and treatment through steam injection into wells and extraction of hot fluids from multi-phase extraction wells<ref name="Davis1998" />. SEE is governed by steam propagation and heat transfer to the formation and has been applied for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery enhanced oil recovery] as well as remediation of a wide range of contaminants. SEE utilizes the following contaminant removal mechanisms<ref>Hunt, J.R., Sitar, N. and Udell, K.S., 1988. Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Transport and Cleanup: 1. Analysis of Mechanisms. Water Resources Research, 24(8), pp. 1247-1258. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr024i008p01247 doi: 10.1029/WR024i008p01247]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download available from: [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicholas_Sitar/publication/251425529_Nonaqueous_phase_liquid_transport_and_cleanup_I_Analysis_of_mechanisms/links/5d26269f299bf1547caaedd3/Nonaqueous-phase-liquid-transport-and-cleanup-I-Analysis-of-mechanisms.pdf ResearchGate].</ref><ref>Udell, K.S. 1996. Heat and Mass Transfer in Clean-up of Underground Toxic Wastes. In: Annual Reviews of Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, Chang-Lin Tien, Ed., Begell House, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 333-405. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.v7.80 doi: 10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.v7.80]</ref>:
 *Displacement as a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and extraction with the pumped groundwater.